<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[LeanNext: Lean - Operational Excellence]]></title><description><![CDATA[Tinh gọn, tối ưu hóa vận hành]]></description><link>https://leannext.substack.com/s/lean-operational-excellence</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hjhg!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc566d448-cc3d-45eb-af61-283838aa28ba_1008x1008.png</url><title>LeanNext: Lean - Operational Excellence</title><link>https://leannext.substack.com/s/lean-operational-excellence</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 06:44:50 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://leannext.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[leannext@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[leannext@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[leannext@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[leannext@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Ngành sản xuất trong "vùng xám" và những "ẩn số khó lường"]]></title><description><![CDATA[B&#224;i h&#7885;c t&#7915; chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c qu&#226;n s&#7921; M&#7929;: C&#225;ch c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#243; th&#7875; v&#432;&#7907;t qua th&#7901;i k&#7923; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh kinh t&#7871;]]></description><link>https://leannext.substack.com/p/nganh-san-xuat-trong-vung-xam-va</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://leannext.substack.com/p/nganh-san-xuat-trong-vung-xam-va</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2025 04:09:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C&#225;ch &#273;&#226;y kho&#7843;ng 25 n&#259;m, trong cu&#7897;c chi&#7871;n Iraq, B&#7897; tr&#432;&#7903;ng Qu&#7889;c ph&#242;ng M&#7929; Donald Rumsfeld &#273;&#227; chia s&#7867; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&#250; v&#7883; v&#7873; vi&#7879;c qu&#7843;n l&#253; s&#7921; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh - &#273;i&#7873;u m&#224; c&#225;c nh&#224; l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o qu&#226;n s&#7921; M&#7929; &#273;&#227; &#225;p d&#7909;ng t&#7915; l&#226;u. Trong ph&#226;n t&#237;ch n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a m&#236;nh, Rumsfeld ph&#226;n chia th&#244;ng tin th&#224;nh ba lo&#7841;i:</p><ul><li><p><strong>"Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ta bi&#7871;t l&#224; &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;t (known knowns)"</strong> - nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ch&#250;ng ta n&#7855;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#224; c&#243; th&#7875; l&#7853;p k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch</p></li><li><p><strong>"Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ta bi&#7871;t l&#224; ch&#432;a bi&#7871;t (known unknowns)"</strong> - nh&#7919;ng g&#236; ch&#250;ng ta bi&#7871;t t&#7891;n t&#7841;i nh&#432;ng ch&#432;a hi&#7875;u h&#7871;t t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng</p></li><li><p><strong>"Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ta kh&#244;ng bi&#7871;t l&#224; m&#236;nh ch&#432;a bi&#7871;t (unknown unknowns)"</strong> - nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ho&#224;n to&#224;n b&#7845;t ng&#7901;, kh&#244;ng th&#7875; d&#7921; &#273;o&#225;n tr&#432;&#7899;c. T&#7841;m g&#7885;i l&#224; <strong>nh&#7919;ng &#7849;n s&#7889; kh&#243; l&#432;&#7901;ng</strong></p></li></ul><p>V&#224; &#273;o&#225;n xem lo&#7841;i n&#224;o &#273;ang khi&#7871;n c&#225;c nh&#224; l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t - kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#7903; M&#7929; m&#224; c&#7843; to&#224;n c&#7847;u - ph&#7843;i "&#273;&#243;ng b&#259;ng" chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c kinh doanh? Ch&#237;nh x&#225;c l&#224; "nh&#7919;ng &#7849;n s&#7889; kh&#243; l&#432;&#7901;ng".</p><p>Kh&#244;ng c&#243; g&#236; t&#7841;o ra s&#7921; b&#7845;t an l&#7899;n h&#417;n vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u kh&#244;ng th&#7875; d&#7921; b&#225;o. V&#224; th&#7921;c t&#7871;, kh&#244;ng c&#243; c&#225;ch n&#224;o d&#7877; d&#224;ng &#273;&#7875; chu&#7849;n b&#7883; cho nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ki&#7879;n n&#7857;m ngo&#224;i t&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif" width="1456" height="1456" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FtEf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F246e7ef8-eda9-4e32-86f3-b6c1c5b2b7a0_3432x3432.avif 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>Nh&#7919;ng "c&#250; s&#7889;c" li&#234;n ti&#7871;p trong 5 n&#259;m qua</h2><p>C&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t to&#224;n c&#7847;u - bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; m&#225;y c&#243; v&#7889;n &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; t&#7915; M&#7929; t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam - &#273;&#227; tr&#7843;i qua h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t "thi&#234;n nga &#273;en":</p><ul><li><p><strong>COVID-19 v&#224; kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng</strong>: &#272;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; g&#226;y gi&#225;n &#273;o&#7841;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t m&#224; c&#242;n l&#224;m s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam</p></li><li><p><strong>B&#249;ng n&#7893; t&#7845;n c&#244;ng m&#7841;ng</strong>: M&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a an ninh m&#7841;ng gia t&#259;ng m&#7841;nh, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t nghi&#234;m tr&#7885;ng v&#7899;i c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p c&#243; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#244;ng minh</p></li><li><p><strong>C&#225;ch m&#7841;ng AI t&#7841;o sinh</strong>: S&#7921; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7897;t ng&#7897;t c&#7911;a ChatGPT v&#224; c&#225;c c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; AI kh&#225;c &#273;ang thay &#273;&#7893;i ho&#224;n to&#224;n c&#225;ch th&#7913;c v&#7853;n h&#224;nh</p></li><li><p><strong>B&#7845;t &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;</strong>: Chi&#7871;n tranh th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i M&#7929;-Trung, xung &#273;&#7897;t Nga-Ukraine, v&#224; nh&#7919;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i th&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng trong ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871;</p></li></ul><h2>B&#224;i h&#7885;c t&#7915; m&#244; h&#236;nh qu&#226;n s&#7921; M&#7929;</h2><p>Qu&#226;n &#273;&#7897;i M&#7929; &#273;&#227; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n hai kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7889;i ph&#243; v&#7899;i s&#7921; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh:</p><p><strong>1. "Ma tr&#7853;n Rumsfeld"</strong> - C&#225;ch ph&#226;n lo&#7841;i v&#224; &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; c&#225;c m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; r&#7911;i ro</p><p><strong>2. M&#244; h&#236;nh "VUCA"</strong> - vi&#7871;t t&#7855;t c&#7911;a Volatility (Bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng), Uncertainty (B&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh), Complexity (Ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p), Ambiguity (M&#417; h&#7891;)</p><p>M&#244; h&#236;nh VUCA &#273;&#432;&#7907;c Tr&#432;&#7901;ng Chi&#7871;n tranh L&#7909;c qu&#226;n M&#7929; &#273;&#432;a ra t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1980, nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh kh&#7843; n&#259;ng th&#237;ch &#7913;ng v&#224; ch&#7845;p nh&#7853;n s&#7921; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. Th&#250; v&#7883; l&#224; c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p &#273;&#227; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u &#225;p d&#7909;ng VUCA t&#7915; cu&#7897;c Kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng T&#224;i ch&#237;nh 2008.</p><h2>T&#236;nh h&#236;nh hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i: S&#7889; li&#7879;u &#273;&#225;ng b&#225;o &#273;&#7897;ng</h2><p>Theo b&#225;o c&#225;o c&#7911;a Li&#234;n minh Nh&#224; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t M&#7929; (k&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i Roland Berger), c&#225;c con s&#7889; cho th&#7845;y m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; nghi&#234;m tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a t&#236;nh h&#236;nh:</p><ul><li><p><strong>75% c&#225;c nh&#224; l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t</strong> coi r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883; l&#224; y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#7845;t (t&#259;ng t&#7915; 60% c&#225;ch &#273;&#226;y 2 n&#259;m)</p></li><li><p><strong>90% doanh nghi&#7879;p</strong> cho bi&#7871;t r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883; &#273;ang l&#224;m &#273;&#236;nh tr&#7879; k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c</p></li><li><p><strong>Ch&#7881; s&#7889; B&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh Ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch Kinh t&#7871; To&#224;n c&#7847;u</strong> &#273;&#7841;t m&#7913;c cao nh&#7845;t trong 30 n&#259;m - cao h&#417;n c&#7843; th&#7901;i k&#7923; Kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng T&#224;i ch&#237;nh 2008 v&#224; giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7847;u COVID-19</p></li></ul><p><em>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Vi&#7879;t Nam</em>: Nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; n&#224;y &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#243; &#253; ngh&#297;a khi n&#432;&#7899;c ta l&#224; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&#7871;n h&#224;ng &#273;&#7847;u cho vi&#7879;c d&#7883;ch chuy&#7875;n chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng kh&#7887;i Trung Qu&#7889;c, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i l&#224; &#273;&#7889;i t&#225;c th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a c&#7843; M&#7929; v&#224; Trung Qu&#7889;c.</p><h2>C&#225;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n m&#7899;i: H&#7885;c t&#7915; t&#432; duy qu&#226;n s&#7921;</h2><p>Sau s&#7921; ki&#7879;n 11/9, qu&#226;n &#273;&#7897;i M&#7929; &#273;&#227; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#225;ch t&#432; duy t&#7915; "ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; bi&#7871;t" sang "chu&#7849;n b&#7883; cho nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u kh&#244;ng th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng". M&#7897;t nh&#224; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch qu&#7889;c ph&#242;ng M&#7929; t&#7915;ng n&#243;i: <em>"Vi&#7879;c c&#226;n nh&#7855;c nghi&#234;m t&#250;c c&#225;c c&#250; s&#7889;c trong ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c s&#7869; gi&#250;p ch&#250;ng ta &#273;&#7883;nh v&#7883; t&#7889;t h&#417;n cho m&#7897;t t&#432;&#417;ng lai phi truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng"</em>.</p><h2>Th&#244;ng &#273;i&#7879;p cho doanh nghi&#7879;p Vi&#7879;t Nam</h2><p>C&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;t Nam - t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng nh&#224; m&#225;y xu&#7845;t kh&#7849;u l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; - c&#7847;n &#225;p d&#7909;ng t&#432; duy t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921;.</p><p>Thay v&#236; ch&#7881; chu&#7849;n b&#7883; cho nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro c&#243; th&#7875; d&#7921; b&#225;o (nh&#432; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7927; gi&#225;, thay &#273;&#7893;i ch&#237;nh s&#225;ch thu&#7871;), c&#225;c l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o doanh nghi&#7879;p c&#7847;n s&#7861;n s&#224;ng cho nh&#7919;ng k&#7883;ch b&#7843;n "kh&#244;ng th&#7875; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng" - c&#243; th&#7875; l&#224;:</p><ul><li><p>M&#7897;t cu&#7897;c kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng n&#259;ng l&#432;&#7907;ng to&#224;n c&#7847;u</p></li><li><p>S&#7921; gi&#225;n &#273;o&#7841;n c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; l&#7899;n</p></li><li><p>Thay &#273;&#7893;i &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883; b&#7845;t ng&#7901; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n th&#432;&#417;ng m&#7841;i qu&#7889;c t&#7871;</p></li><li><p>Ho&#7863;c b&#7845;t k&#7923; "thi&#234;n nga &#273;en" n&#224;o kh&#225;c</p></li></ul><h2>K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n</h2><p>Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, ng&#224;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t to&#224;n c&#7847;u - bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; Vi&#7879;t Nam - &#273;ang &#7903; trong "v&#249;ng x&#225;m" c&#7911;a s&#7921; b&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh do r&#7911;i ro &#273;&#7883;a ch&#237;nh tr&#7883;. C&#225;ch c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p chu&#7849;n b&#7883; cho nh&#7919;ng "&#7849;n s&#7889; kh&#243; l&#432;&#7901;ng" s&#7869; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh kh&#7843; n&#259;ng sinh t&#7891;n v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n trong th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i m&#7899;i.</p><p><em>B&#224;i vi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7883;ch v&#224; di&#7877;n &#273;&#7841;t l&#7841;i t&#7915; &#253; ki&#7871;n c&#7911;a</em> <strong>Stephen Gold | President and Chief Executive Officer, Manufacturers Alliance.</strong><em> B&#224;i vi&#7871;t ph&#7843;n &#225;nh quan &#273;i&#7875;m t&#7915; g&#243;c &#273;&#7897; t&#236;nh h&#236;nh t&#7841;i M&#7929;, nh&#432;ng nh&#7919;ng b&#224;i h&#7885;c n&#224;y ho&#224;n to&#224;n c&#243; th&#7875; &#225;p d&#7909;ng cho b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh doanh nghi&#7879;p Vi&#7879;t Nam trong k&#7927; nguy&#234;n to&#224;n c&#7847;u h&#243;a.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tư duy và tiếp cận: Giải quyết vấn đề chủ động]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kho&#7843;ng 94% v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; trong s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#7895;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7853;n h&#224;nh. Hi&#7875;u bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n v&#237; d&#7909; th&#7921;c t&#7871;!]]></description><link>https://leannext.substack.com/p/tu-duy-va-tiep-can-giai-quyet-van</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://leannext.substack.com/p/tu-duy-va-tiep-can-giai-quyet-van</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 07 Jul 2025 15:20:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTTK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1604199-2d7a-46d6-966a-9bb6365fab06_960x500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>T&#7841;i c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y v&#224; c&#417; s&#7903; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tr&#234;n kh&#7855;p n&#432;&#7899;c M&#7929;, c&#225;c nh&#224; l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;ang ch&#7883;u &#225;p l&#7921;c kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#259;ng s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i gi&#7843;m chi ph&#237;. Khi ph&#225;t sinh v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng, h&#7887;ng h&#243;c thi&#7871;t b&#7883; ho&#7863;c t&#7855;c ngh&#7869;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh ai l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i m&#7855;c l&#7895;i. Tuy nhi&#234;n, c&#243; m&#7897;t gi&#7843;i ph&#225;p t&#7889;t h&#417;n: trao quy&#7873;n cho nh&#226;n vi&#234;n &#7903; m&#7885;i c&#7845;p &#273;&#7897; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng, li&#234;n t&#7909;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n ch&#237;nh h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t.</p><p><strong>C&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p n&#224;y d&#7921;a tr&#234;n m&#7897;t s&#7921; th&#7853;t s&#226;u s&#7855;c trong s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t: kho&#7843;ng 94% v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; trong s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#7895;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7853;n h&#224;nh.</strong> Th&#7871; nh&#432;ng, nhi&#7873;u qu&#7843;n l&#253; nh&#224; m&#225;y v&#7851;n ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c &#8220;tr&#242; ch&#417;i &#273;&#7893; l&#7895;i&#8221;&#8212;t&#236;m ki&#7871;m c&#225; nh&#226;n c&#243; l&#7895;i thay v&#236; x&#7917; l&#253; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; c&#7889;t l&#245;i li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n quy tr&#236;nh, thi&#7871;t b&#7883; hay nguy&#234;n v&#7853;t li&#7879;u.</p><h3>T&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng: N&#7873;n t&#7843;ng c&#7911;a gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng</h3><p>Gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c l&#224; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; c&#7911;a c&#225;c th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n li&#234;n k&#7871;t v&#7899;i nhau t&#7841;o th&#224;nh h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. Khi nh&#226;n vi&#234;n t&#237;ch c&#7921;c tham gia v&#224;o vi&#7879;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n c&#225;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#224;y, h&#7885; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i khu v&#7921;c l&#224;m vi&#7879;c tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. Khi t&#432; duy tr&#432;&#7903;ng th&#224;nh h&#417;n, h&#7885; nh&#7853;n ra t&#237;nh li&#234;n k&#7871;t gi&#7919;a c&#225;c quy tr&#236;nh v&#224; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng ph&#7889;i h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n th&#7921;c s&#7921;.</p><p>Trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, h&#7879; th&#7889;ng r&#7845;t d&#7877; h&#236;nh dung&#8212;nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u, thi&#7871;t b&#7883;, t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#224; l&#7895;i &#273;&#7873;u l&#224; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; h&#7919;u h&#236;nh. Tuy nhi&#234;n, s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ng&#224;y c&#224;ng li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n &#8220;h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i&#8221;&#8212;m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i c&#225;c t&#432;&#417;ng t&#225;c v&#224; truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i th&#244;ng tin nh&#7857;m t&#7841;o ra k&#7871;t qu&#7843; mong mu&#7889;n. Nh&#7919;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#224;y th&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i d&#432;&#7899;i d&#7841;ng quy tr&#236;nh phi ch&#237;nh th&#7913;c, kh&#244;ng c&#243; t&#224;i li&#7879;u, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng cao v&#224; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; kh&#244;ng nh&#7845;t qu&#225;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTTK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1604199-2d7a-46d6-966a-9bb6365fab06_960x500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTTK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1604199-2d7a-46d6-966a-9bb6365fab06_960x500.jpeg 424w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>L&#224;m h&#7879; th&#7889;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n d&#7877; th&#7845;y: B&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n &#273;&#7875; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n</h3><p>B&#7841;n kh&#244;ng th&#7875; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n &#273;i&#7873;u b&#7841;n kh&#244;ng nh&#236;n th&#7845;y. M&#7897;t c&#225;ch nhanh ch&#243;ng v&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; &#273;&#7875; l&#224;m r&#245; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&#224; t&#7841;o m&#7897;t <strong>s&#417; &#273;&#7891; d&#242;ng c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n</strong> th&#7875; hi&#7879;n th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n ch&#237;nh &#273;ang xem x&#233;t, c&#249;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#7847;u v&#224;o v&#224; &#273;&#7847;u ra. Ghi t&#234;n b&#432;&#7899;c ho&#7863;c th&#224;nh ph&#7847;n ch&#237;nh &#7903; gi&#7919;a s&#417; &#273;&#7891;. B&#234;n tr&#225;i l&#224; c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; &#273;&#7847;u v&#224;o &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n khu v&#7921;c &#273;&#243;. B&#234;n ph&#7843;i l&#224; c&#225;c &#273;&#7847;u ra. Tr&#234;n v&#224; d&#432;&#7899;i ghi l&#7841;i c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; gi&#225;n ti&#7871;p nh&#432; th&#244;ng tin, &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng, v&#7853;t li&#7879;u, b&#7843;o tr&#236;, &#273;&#224;o t&#7841;o v&#224; thi&#7871;t b&#7883;.</p><p>S&#417; &#273;&#7891; n&#224;y gi&#250;p b&#7841;n nhanh ch&#243;ng x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; ti&#7873;m &#7849;n g&#226;y ra v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#224; l&#224;m cho nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; "v&#244; h&#236;nh" tr&#7903; n&#234;n r&#245; r&#224;ng.</p><h3>Hi&#7875;u v&#7873; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng: Nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n v&#224; nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t</h3><p>M&#7885;i th&#7913; trong cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; s&#7921; bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng&#8212;con ng&#432;&#7901;i, thi&#7871;t b&#7883;, v&#7853;t li&#7879;u, quy tr&#236;nh. C&#243; hai lo&#7841;i bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng ch&#237;nh &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng do nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n</strong> l&#224; nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;ch h&#7907;p trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng v&#224; x&#7843;y ra th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n. V&#237; d&#7909;: nguy&#234;n v&#7853;t li&#7879;u kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7873;u, thi&#7871;t b&#7883; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng kh&#244;ng &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh ho&#7863;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p &#273;&#224;o t&#7841;o nh&#226;n vi&#234;n kh&#244;ng nh&#7845;t qu&#225;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>Bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng do nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t</strong> l&#224; do sai s&#243;t ho&#7863;c s&#7921; c&#7889; b&#7845;t ng&#7901; n&#7857;m ngo&#224;i ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng b&#236;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng&#8212;ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; nh&#226;n vi&#234;n b&#7883; xao nh&#227;ng v&#224; b&#7887; qua m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c, l&#361; l&#7909;t tr&#259;m n&#259;m c&#243; m&#7897;t ho&#7863;c &#273;&#7841;i d&#7883;ch to&#224;n c&#7847;u l&#224;m gi&#225;n &#273;o&#7841;n chu&#7895;i cung &#7913;ng.</p></li></ul><h3>C&#226;u chuy&#7879;n gi&#7845;y than kh&#244;ng carbon</h3><p>M&#7897;t v&#237; d&#7909; kinh &#273;i&#7875;n v&#7873; s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh c&#7911;a c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&#224; t&#7841;i C&#244;ng ty Nashua. Ban &#273;&#7847;u, ban l&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7893; l&#7895;i cho c&#244;ng nh&#226;n v&#7873; l&#7895;i s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t gi&#7845;y than kh&#244;ng carbon. Tuy nhi&#234;n, gi&#225;m &#273;&#7889;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t trung t&#226;m &#273;&#227; &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng trong nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u, thi&#7871;t b&#7883;, quy tr&#236;nh v&#224; &#273;&#224;o t&#7841;o v&#224; ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7897; nh&#7899;t c&#7911;a l&#7899;p ph&#7911; (coating) thay &#273;&#7893;i r&#7845;t l&#7899;n gi&#7919;a c&#225;c th&#249;ng ch&#7913;a, bu&#7897;c c&#244;ng nh&#226;n ph&#7843;i li&#234;n t&#7909;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh m&#225;y.</p><p>Khi l&#224;m vi&#7879;c v&#7899;i nh&#224; cung c&#7845;p &#273;&#7875; chu&#7849;n h&#243;a &#273;&#7897; nh&#7899;t, c&#244;ng ty &#273;&#227; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng <strong>4 tri&#7879;u USD</strong> ch&#7881; tr&#234;n m&#7897;t m&#225;y duy nh&#7845;t. &#272;i&#7875;m m&#7845;u ch&#7889;t &#7903; &#273;&#226;y l&#224;: <strong>bi&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;ng kh&#244;ng n&#7857;m trong kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ki&#7875;m so&#225;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7853;n h&#224;nh. D&#249; h&#7885; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#226;u, m&#7895;i th&#249;ng nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u v&#7851;n l&#224; m&#7897;t bi&#7871;n s&#7889; kh&#244;ng th&#7875; &#273;o&#225;n tr&#432;&#7899;c.</strong></p><h3>T&#7915; h&#7887;ng h&#243;c &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;t ph&#225;: C&#226;u chuy&#7879;n d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n &#273;&#243;ng chai</h3><p>Khi m&#7897;t d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n &#273;&#243;ng chai t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; cao &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#7855;p &#273;&#7863;t t&#7841;i Brain Brew &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#225;p &#7913;ng nhu c&#7847;u t&#259;ng cao, s&#7921; c&#7889; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n &#273;&#227; &#273;e d&#7885;a qu&#225; tr&#236;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. Trung b&#236;nh c&#7913; 6 ph&#250;t m&#225;y l&#7841;i h&#7887;ng, g&#226;y b&#7913;c x&#250;c l&#7899;n.</p><p>Ban &#273;&#7847;u, nh&#243;m t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o ch&#7881; ti&#234;u "s&#7889; th&#249;ng xu&#7845;t &#273;i"&#8212;m&#7897;t k&#7871;t qu&#7843; qu&#225; tr&#7915;u t&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;. Sau &#273;&#243;, nh&#243;m chuy&#7875;n sang ch&#7881; ti&#234;u "s&#7889; l&#7847;n h&#7887;ng/gi&#7901;", chia m&#225;y th&#224;nh 4 module, theo d&#245;i lo&#7841;i h&#7887;ng &#7903; t&#7915;ng module v&#224; x&#7917; l&#253; t&#7915;ng module m&#7897;t.</p><p>K&#7871;t qu&#7843; &#273;&#225;ng kinh ng&#7841;c: s&#7921; c&#7889; gi&#7843;m t&#7915; 10 l&#7847;n/gi&#7901; xu&#7889;ng ch&#7881; c&#242;n <strong>1&#8211;2 l&#7847;n/gi&#7901; trong v&#224;i tu&#7847;n</strong>. Nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n g&#7889;c l&#224; h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t l&#7895;i nh&#7887; khi l&#7855;p m&#225;y&#8212;v&#237; d&#7909;, ch&#7893;i &#273;&#7849;y n&#7855;p b&#7843;o v&#7879; l&#7855;p qu&#225; cao khi&#7871;n m&#225;y ng&#7915;ng, k&#7865;p gi&#7919; chai c&#7847;n &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh. Nh&#7919;ng l&#7895;i nh&#7887; c&#7897;ng d&#7891;n t&#7841;o n&#234;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; l&#7899;n. Quan tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n, nh&#243;m &#273;&#227; h&#236;nh th&#224;nh <strong>t&#432; duy gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;</strong>, chu&#7849;n b&#7883; cho nh&#7919;ng th&#225;ch th&#7913;c trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai.</p><h3>H&#224;nh tr&#236;nh c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n kh&#244;ng c&#243; &#273;i&#7875;m k&#7871;t th&#250;c</h3><p>Khi m&#7897;t ph&#243; ch&#7911; t&#7883;ch c&#7845;p cao h&#7887;i c&#7845;p d&#432;&#7899;i r&#7857;ng bao gi&#7901; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7869; &#8220;ho&#224;n ch&#7881;nh v&#224; k&#7871;t th&#250;c,&#8221; anh &#7845;y &#273;&#227; tr&#7843; l&#7901;i d&#7913;t kho&#225;t: <strong>&#8220;KH&#212;NG BAO GI&#7900;!&#8221;</strong></p><p>Mi&#7877;n l&#224; &#273;&#7889;i th&#7911; c&#242;n &#273;ang c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n, ch&#250;ng ta c&#361;ng ph&#7843;i ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n. T&#7893; ch&#7913;c n&#224;o d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i c&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; c&#226;y hay con h&#224;u ng&#7915;ng ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n: <strong>ch&#250;ng s&#7869; ch&#7871;t.</strong></p><p>B&#7857;ng c&#225;ch <strong>trao quy&#7873;n cho nh&#226;n vi&#234;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng</strong> v&#224; hu&#7845;n luy&#7879;n qu&#7843;n l&#253; &#273;&#7875; nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng thay v&#236; &#273;&#7893; l&#7895;i c&#225; nh&#226;n, t&#7893; ch&#7913;c s&#7869; tho&#225;t kh&#7887;i v&#242;ng lu&#7849;n qu&#7849;n &#273;&#7893; l&#7895;i. H&#7885; t&#7841;o ra v&#259;n h&#243;a n&#417;i <strong>c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n li&#234;n t&#7909;c l&#224; tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m c&#7911;a m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i</strong>, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; n&#226;ng cao ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng, gi&#7843;m chi ph&#237; v&#224; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng g&#7855;n b&#243; h&#417;n. Trong m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng c&#7841;nh tranh ng&#224;y nay, n&#259;ng l&#7921;c n&#224;y kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; l&#7907;i th&#7871;&#8212;<strong>m&#224; l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n s&#7889;ng c&#242;n.</strong></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[5 bước mà Lean Manager nên thực hiện để mang lại hiệu quả]]></title><description><![CDATA[Vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&#7843;n l&#253; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t m&#7885;i v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;, m&#224; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;o &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; t&#7921; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;]]></description><link>https://leannext.substack.com/p/5-buoc-ma-lean-manager-nen-thuc-hien</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://leannext.substack.com/p/5-buoc-ma-lean-manager-nen-thuc-hien</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 03 Jun 2025 01:40:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8-T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4eda76-64b1-42d3-a64e-d92add6fddb6_1920x1080.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sau nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m tri&#7875;n khai Lean trong c&#225;c nh&#224; m&#225;y, m&#7897;t th&#7921;c t&#7871; r&#245; r&#224;ng l&#224;: Lean kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909;, m&#224; l&#224; c&#225;ch qu&#7843;n l&#253; ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c. N&#243; &#273;&#242;i h&#7887;i ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&#7843;n l&#253; ph&#7843;i "th&#7921;c chi&#7871;n t&#7841;i x&#432;&#7903;ng" th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n, l&#7855;ng nghe &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361;, v&#224; t&#7841;o ra nh&#7919;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng h&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#7887; h&#224;ng ng&#224;y.</p><p>D&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#226;y l&#224; 5 b&#432;&#7899;c c&#7909; th&#7875; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#225;p d&#7909;ng th&#224;nh c&#244;ng trong vi&#7879;c x&#226;y d&#7921;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng qu&#7843;n l&#253; Lean t&#7841;i nhi&#7873;u doanh nghi&#7879;p.</p><h2>B&#432;&#7899;c 1: Ki&#7875;m So&#225;t ph&#7841;m vi c&#7911;a B&#7841;n</h2><p><strong>"Gemba wa genjitsu" - Hi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224; s&#7921; th&#7853;t.</strong> C&#226;u n&#243;i n&#224;y c&#7911;a Toyota &#273;&#227; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh kim ch&#7881; nam trong c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c qu&#7843;n l&#253; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i.</p><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi ngh&#297; &#273;&#7871;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n n&#224;o, b&#7841;n c&#7847;n ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ho&#224;n to&#224;n khu v&#7921;c l&#224;m vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a m&#236;nh:</p><ul><li><p><strong>X&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh ranh gi&#7899;i r&#245; r&#224;ng</strong>: &#272;&#226;u l&#224; tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m c&#7911;a b&#7841;n? T&#224;i nguy&#234;n n&#224;o thu&#7897;c quy&#7873;n qu&#7843;n l&#253; c&#7911;a b&#7841;n?</p></li><li><p><strong>T&#7893; ch&#7913;c kh&#244;ng gian l&#224;m vi&#7879;c</strong>: &#193;p d&#7909;ng nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c 5S kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#273;&#7875; "d&#7885;n d&#7865;p" m&#224; &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c chu&#7849;n h&#243;a</p></li><li><p><strong>Th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n Gemba Walk &#273;&#7883;nh k&#7923;</strong>: Khuy&#7871;n ngh&#7883; &#237;t nh&#7845;t 2 l&#7847;n/tu&#7847;n &#273;i th&#7921;c &#273;&#7883;a &#273;&#7875; quan s&#225;t tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p</p></li></ul><p>Kinh nghi&#7879;m cho th&#7845;y, khi kh&#244;ng gian l&#224;m vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7893; ch&#7913;c t&#7889;t, c&#225;c b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7869; "n&#7893;i l&#234;n" r&#245; r&#224;ng h&#417;n. B&#7841;n s&#7869; ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&#7899;m h&#417;n, thay v&#236; ch&#7901; &#273;&#7871;n khi n&#243; tr&#7903; th&#224;nh "&#273;&#225;m ch&#225;y l&#7899;n".</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8-T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4eda76-64b1-42d3-a64e-d92add6fddb6_1920x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8-T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab4eda76-64b1-42d3-a64e-d92add6fddb6_1920x1080.png 424w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2>B&#432;&#7899;c 2: K&#7871;t N&#7889;i C&#244;ng Vi&#7879;c v&#7899;i Hi&#7879;u Qu&#7843; T&#7893;ng Th&#7875;</h2><p>M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng sai l&#7847;m ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n &#7903; nhi&#7873;u qu&#7843;n l&#253; l&#224; l&#224;m vi&#7879;c "trong ch&#226;n kh&#244;ng" - t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh m&#224; kh&#244;ng hi&#7875;u t&#225;c &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n to&#224;n b&#7897; chu&#7895;i gi&#225; tr&#7883;.</p><p><strong>H&#227;y t&#7921; h&#7887;i ba c&#226;u h&#7887;i n&#224;y:</strong></p><ol><li><p>Ai l&#224; kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng n&#7897;i b&#7897; v&#224; b&#234;n ngo&#224;i c&#7911;a b&#7841;n?</p></li><li><p>H&#7885; k&#7923; v&#7885;ng g&#236; t&#7915; &#273;&#7847;u ra c&#7911;a b&#7897; ph&#7853;n b&#7841;n?</p></li><li><p>Quy tr&#236;nh hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i c&#243; &#273;ang t&#7841;o ra gi&#225; tr&#7883; th&#7921;c s&#7921; kh&#244;ng?</p></li></ol><p>Vi&#7879;c v&#7869; Value Stream Map &#273;&#7875; tr&#7921;c quan h&#243;a to&#224;n b&#7897; quy tr&#236;nh s&#7869; gi&#250;p m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#236;n th&#7845;y r&#245; r&#224;ng c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&#7841;o gi&#225; tr&#7883; v&#224; nh&#7919;ng "l&#227;ng ph&#237; &#7849;n" m&#224; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7853;n ra.</p><h2>B&#432;&#7899;c 3: T&#7841;o &#272;&#7897;ng L&#7921;c v&#224; L&#227;nh &#272;&#7841;o &#272;&#7897;i Ng&#361;</h2><p><strong>15 ph&#250;t m&#7895;i s&#225;ng c&#243; th&#7875; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7843; ng&#224;y l&#224;m vi&#7879;c.</strong> &#272;&#226;y l&#224; kinh nghi&#7879;m r&#250;t ra sau khi tri&#7875;n khai ShopFloor Meeting t&#7841;i h&#224;ng ch&#7909;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n kh&#225;c nhau.</p><p>C&#7845;u tr&#250;cShopFloor Meeting hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;:</p><ul><li><p><strong>5 ph&#250;t &#273;&#7847;u</strong>: Review c&#225;c ch&#7881; s&#7889; hi&#7879;u su&#7845;t qua visual board</p></li><li><p><strong>7 ph&#250;t ti&#7871;p theo</strong>: M&#7895;i th&#224;nh vi&#234;n chia s&#7867; ng&#7855;n g&#7885;n: c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c h&#244;m qua, k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch h&#244;m nay, kh&#243; kh&#259;n c&#7847;n h&#7895; tr&#7907;</p></li><li><p><strong>3 ph&#250;t cu&#7889;i</strong>: Giao nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; c&#7909; th&#7875; v&#224; h&#7865;n th&#7901;i gian follow-up</p></li></ul><p>&#272;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng: <strong>&#272;&#7915;ng bi&#7871;n cu&#7897;c h&#7885;p th&#224;nh "t&#242;a &#225;n"</strong>. Khi c&#243; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;, h&#227;y ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n theo h&#432;&#7899;ng "Ki&#7875;m tra th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#224; h&#7895; tr&#7907; nhau" thay v&#236; &#273;&#7863;t c&#226;u h&#7887;i "T&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i nh&#432; v&#7853;y?".</p><h2>B&#432;&#7899;c 4: &#7910;y Quy&#7873;n Gi&#7843;i Quy&#7871;t V&#7845;n &#272;&#7873; &#272;&#417;n Gi&#7843;n</h2><p><strong>"&#272;&#7915;ng gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; trong ph&#242;ng h&#7885;p."</strong> &#272;&#226;y l&#224; nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c c&#7847;n lu&#244;n &#225;p d&#7909;ng.</p><p>Khi ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; trong ShopFloor Meeting:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Ghi nh&#7853;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;</strong> v&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#7883;u tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m follow-up</p></li><li><p><strong>&#272;i th&#7921;c &#273;&#7883;a</strong> &#273;&#7875; quan s&#225;t tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#236;nh hu&#7889;ng</p></li><li><p><strong>&#193;p d&#7909;ng c&#244;ng c&#7909; ph&#249; h&#7907;p</strong>: 5 Why, Fishbone, hay &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n l&#224; A3 Problem Solving &#273;&#7875; t&#236;m ra nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n g&#7889;c r&#7877;</p></li><li><p><strong>Trao quy&#7873;n cho nh&#243;m nh&#7887;</strong> &#273;&#7875; t&#236;m gi&#7843;i ph&#225;p cho nguy&#234;n nh&#226;n g&#7889;c r&#7877;</p></li></ol><p>Vai tr&#242; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&#7843;n l&#253; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t m&#7885;i v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;, m&#224; l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;o &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; t&#7921; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;.</p><h2>B&#432;&#7899;c 5: Qu&#7843;n L&#253; K&#7871; Ho&#7841;ch C&#7843;i Ti&#7871;n D&#224;i H&#7841;n</h2><p>Lean kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; "d&#7853;p l&#7917;a" h&#224;ng ng&#224;y. N&#7871;u ch&#7881; d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; vi&#7879;c gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t c&#225;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; t&#7913;c th&#7901;i, b&#7841;n s&#7869; m&#227;i ch&#7841;y theo c&#225;c vi&#7879;c kh&#7849;n c&#7845;p m&#224; kh&#244;ng bao gi&#7901; th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hi&#7879;u su&#7845;t t&#7893;ng th&#7875;.</p><p><strong>C&#225;ch c&#226;n b&#7857;ng gi&#7919;a "quick wins" v&#224; "breakthrough improvements":</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>70% th&#7901;i gian</strong>: T&#7853;p trung v&#224;o c&#225;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n nh&#7887;, li&#234;n t&#7909;c (Kaizen)</p></li><li><p><strong>30% th&#7901;i gian</strong>: &#272;&#7847;u t&#432; cho c&#225;c d&#7921; &#225;n c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n &#273;&#7897;t ph&#225; (Kaikaku)</p></li></ul><p>M&#7895;i qu&#253;, h&#227;y c&#249;ng &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh 2-3 m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c, c&#243; timeline r&#245; r&#224;ng v&#224; milestone c&#7909; th&#7875;. &#272;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng l&#224; ph&#7843;i theo d&#245;i ti&#7871;n &#273;&#7897; th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n v&#224; t&#432;&#7903;ng th&#432;&#7903;ng nh&#7919;ng th&#224;nh c&#244;ng, d&#249; nh&#7887;.</p><h2>Lean Management: H&#224;nh Tr&#236;nh Ch&#7913; Kh&#244;ng Ph&#7843;i &#272;i&#7875;m &#272;&#7871;n</h2><p>Th&#7921;c h&#224;nh cho th&#7845;y Lean Management th&#7921;c ch&#7845;t l&#224; s&#7921; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a ba y&#7871;u t&#7889;:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Tham gia h&#224;ng ng&#224;y</strong> (Daily Involvement): C&#243; m&#7863;t th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&#234;n t&#7841;i hi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7901;ng</p></li><li><p><strong>L&#227;nh &#273;&#7841;o nh&#236;n th&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c</strong> (Visible Leadership): H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng ph&#7843;i nh&#7845;t qu&#225;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#243;i</p></li><li><p><strong>Gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#243; c&#7845;u tr&#250;c</strong> (Structured Problem Solving): &#193;p d&#7909;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p khoa h&#7885;c thay v&#236; "gut feeling"</p></li></ol><p>Lean kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; th&#234;m m&#7897;t b&#7897; c&#244;ng c&#7909; m&#7899;i v&#224;o c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i. N&#243; l&#224; c&#225;ch th&#7913;c ho&#224;n to&#224;n kh&#225;c &#273;&#7875; nh&#236;n nh&#7853;n v&#224; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c qu&#7843;n l&#253;.</p><p>B&#7841;n s&#7869; kh&#244;ng th&#7845;y k&#7871;t qu&#7843; sau m&#7897;t ng&#224;y, m&#7897;t tu&#7847;n, hay th&#7853;m ch&#237; m&#7897;t th&#225;ng. Nh&#432;ng n&#7871;u ki&#234;n tr&#236; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#250;ng &#273;&#7855;n, sau 3-6 th&#225;ng, b&#7841;n s&#7869; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u nh&#236;n th&#7845;y nh&#7919;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i t&#237;ch c&#7921;c kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#7903; hi&#7879;u su&#7845;t l&#224;m vi&#7879;c m&#224; c&#7843; &#7903; tinh th&#7847;n c&#7911;a &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361;.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>B&#7841;n c&#243; kinh nghi&#7879;m tri&#7875;n khai Lean Management t&#7841;i doanh nghi&#7879;p? Chia s&#7867; tr&#7843;i nghi&#7879;m v&#224; th&#7917; th&#225;ch trong ph&#7847;n b&#236;nh lu&#7853;n. R&#7845;t mong &#273;&#432;&#7907;c trao &#273;&#7893;i v&#224; h&#7885;c h&#7887;i t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng kinh nghi&#7879;m th&#7921;c t&#7871;.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Lean Manufacturing là gì?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hi&#7875;u r&#245; m&#7897;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng, nh&#432;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n sao cho h&#7907;p l&#253; l&#224; &#273;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng kh&#244;ng k&#233;m. Lean kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; m&#224; c&#242;n l&#224; tri&#7871;t l&#253;.]]></description><link>https://leannext.substack.com/p/lean-manufacturing-la-gi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://leannext.substack.com/p/lean-manufacturing-la-gi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2024 13:35:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<ol><li><p><strong>Ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;</strong></p><p>C&#243; m&#7897;t c&#226;u chuy&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#253; r&#7857;ng: M&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i cha k&#7875; cho con v&#7873; &#273;&#7913;c Ph&#7853;t v&#224; Ch&#250;a Jesus. Tuy nhi&#234;n khi ng&#432;&#7901;i con h&#7887;i:</p><p>- Con n&#234;n t&#244;n s&#249;ng ai v&#224; &#273;i theo ai?</p><p>Th&#236; ng&#432;&#7901;i cha tr&#7843; l&#7901;i:</p><p>- Con kh&#244;ng nh&#7845;t thi&#7871;t ph&#7843;i t&#244;n th&#7901; hay t&#244;n s&#249;ng ai. &#272;&#244;i khi, ch&#237;nh trong nh&#7919;ng kho&#7843;nh kh&#7855;c y&#234;n l&#7863;ng, con s&#7869; th&#7845;y 'v&#7883; Ph&#7853;t&#8217;, &#8216;v&#7883; Ch&#250;a&#8217; c&#7911;a m&#236;nh. C&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875;, ch&#237;nh con l&#224; v&#7883; Ph&#7853;t m&#224; con &#273;ang t&#236;m ki&#7871;m. Tr&#432;&#7899;c ti&#234;n con h&#227;y c&#7913; s&#7889;ng v&#224; th&#7921;c h&#224;nh nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p m&#224; m&#236;nh h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng gi&#225;o l&#253; &#273;&#243;. </p><p>B&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7871;n v&#7899;i Lean c&#361;ng nh&#432; v&#7853;y, Lean b&#234;n c&#7841;nh TPM, TQM, WCM, Six Sigma, Agile&#8230; ch&#250;ng ta c&#243; th&#7875; &#225;p d&#7909;ng, theo &#273;u&#7893;i, ho&#7863;c c&#243; th&#7875; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p, s&#225;ng t&#7841;o h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ph&#249; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t cho m&#7909;c ti&#234;u ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p.</p></li><li><p><strong>T&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng</strong></p><p>T&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng gi&#250;p ch&#250;ng ta ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n m&#7897;t c&#225;ch to&#224;n th&#7875;, thay v&#236; ch&#7881; nh&#236;n v&#224;o 1 c&#244;ng c&#7909; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. Nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng th&#7913;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n trong <a href="https://leannext.substack.com/p/lich-su-phat-trien-cua-lean-manufacturing">L&#7883;ch s&#7917; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a Lean Manufacturing</a> ph&#7847;n l&#7899;n ch&#7881; &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n 1 s&#7889; kh&#237;a c&#7841;nh c&#7911;a v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;. V&#237; d&#7909; vi&#7879;c ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n h&#243;a c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a Taylor, c&#225;c k&#7929; s&#432; c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p s&#7869; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t nh&#432; nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u th&#7901;i gian v&#224; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7875; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh "c&#225;ch t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t" th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; giao cho c&#244;ng nh&#226;n nh&#7919;ng nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; ng&#7855;n g&#7885;n v&#224; l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i. Tuy nhi&#234;n, &#273;&#244;i khi quan &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y b&#7883; xem l&#224; ti&#234;u c&#7921;c, &#273;&#417;n &#273;i&#7879;u v&#224; phi nh&#226;n t&#237;nh h&#243;a.</p><p>T&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng li&#234;n quan &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c xem x&#233;t to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ch&#7913; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n ri&#234;ng l&#7867;. T&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng gi&#250;p ch&#250;ng ta hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#224;nh vi c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng - c&#225;ch th&#7913;c c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&#225;c &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7909;c ti&#234;u chung. S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n (Lean manufacturing) l&#224; m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng, ngh&#297;a l&#224; m&#7897;t chu&#7895;i c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#237;ch h&#7907;p v&#7899;i m&#7909;c ti&#234;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh r&#245; r&#224;ng. M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c tri&#7875;n khai Lean l&#224; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c c&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng, thay v&#236; n&#7855;m b&#7855;t to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. LeanNext s&#7869; d&#224;nh 1 b&#224;i vi&#7871;t ri&#7871;ng v&#7873; ch&#7911; &#273;&#7873; <a href="https://leannext.substack.com/">T&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng</a> n&#224;y. V&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n, t&#432; duy h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#243; c&#225;c &#273;&#7863;c &#273;i&#7875;m sau:</p><ul><li><p>M&#7909;c ti&#234;u</p></li><li><p>C&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#7845;u th&#224;nh</p></li><li><p>Ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a m&#7895;i b&#7897; ph&#7853;n</p></li><li><p>M&#7889;i quan h&#7879; gi&#7919;a c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png" width="1456" height="1048" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1048,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1160277,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHSP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a21d7b7-8efb-451e-956c-44944361fdc5_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ul><p></p><p>C&#225;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n n&#224;y gi&#250;p nh&#224; qu&#7843;n tr&#7883; c&#243; <strong>c&#225;i nh&#236;n to&#224;n di&#7879;n</strong>, <strong>s&#226;u s&#7855;c</strong> v&#7873; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; &#273;&#432;a ra <strong>quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7889;i &#432;u</strong> cho to&#224;n b&#7897; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng, tr&#225;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7919;ng h&#7879; l&#7909;y ti&#234;u c&#7921;c do ch&#7881; t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>Quan &#273;i&#7875;m c&#361;ng c&#7847;n thay &#273;&#7893;i</strong></p><p>Trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng hi&#7879;n nay, kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#243; v&#244; v&#224;n l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n v&#224; th&#244;ng tin d&#7877; d&#224;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n, s&#7921; c&#7841;nh tranh gi&#7919;a c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p ng&#224;y c&#224;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n kh&#7889;c li&#7879;t. Tr&#432;&#7899;c kia, vi&#7879;c t&#237;nh to&#225;n l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t doanh nghi&#7879;p th&#432;&#7901;ng tu&#226;n theo c&#244;ng th&#7913;c &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n:</p><p><strong>Chi ph&#237; + L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n mong mu&#7889;n = Gi&#225; b&#225;n</strong></p><p>Tuy nhi&#234;n, v&#7899;i m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; c&#7841;nh tranh hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, c&#244;ng th&#7913;c n&#224;y kh&#244;ng c&#242;n ph&#249; h&#7907;p. Thay v&#224;o &#273;&#243;, doanh nghi&#7879;p c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh c&#225;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n c&#7911;a m&#236;nh th&#224;nh:</p><p><strong>Gi&#225; b&#225;n (&#273;&#227; c&#7889; &#273;&#7883;nh) &#8211; Chi ph&#237; = L&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n</strong></p><p>&#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y c&#243; ngh&#297;a &#273;&#7875; duy tr&#236; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7841;nh tranh v&#224; &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n, doanh nghi&#7879;p ph&#7843;i t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o vi&#7879;c gi&#7843;m chi ph&#237;. Nh&#432;ng c&#226;u h&#7887;i &#273;&#7863;t ra l&#224;, li&#7879;u m&#7897;t doanh nghi&#7879;p c&#243; th&#7875; gi&#7843;m chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, v&#7853;n h&#224;nh nh&#432;ng v&#7851;n kh&#244;ng ng&#7915;ng n&#226;ng cao ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m v&#224; &#273;a d&#7841;ng h&#243;a l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng, th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y tinh th&#7847;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a nh&#226;n vi&#234;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c hay kh&#244;ng?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png" width="1456" height="1048" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1048,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:66288,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c2pA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc536ac4c-898c-4610-ba6c-cb4ea49cf137_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#272;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u n&#224;y, c&#7847;n c&#243; m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng qu&#7843;n l&#253; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;. M&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng m&#244; h&#236;nh n&#7893;i b&#7853;t v&#224; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7913;ng minh l&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; ch&#237;nh l&#224; H&#7879; th&#7889;ng S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a Toyota (TPS - Toyota Production System), c&#242;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n v&#7899;i t&#234;n g&#7885;i Lean.</p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>TPS - H&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a Toyota</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png" width="1456" height="1048" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1048,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:250425,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L35e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99fc0c4-7d00-422a-a5a3-789a5d66273c_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>H&#7879; th&#7889;ng TPS c&#243; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#237; nh&#432; m&#7897;t ng&#244;i nh&#224; v&#7899;i n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng l&#224; s&#7921; &#7893;n &#273;&#7883;nh (<strong>Stability</strong>) v&#224; ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n h&#243;a (<strong>Standardization</strong>). C&#225;c tr&#7909; c&#7897;t ch&#237;nh l&#224; &#8220;<strong>Just-in-time</strong>&#8221; (giao &#273;&#250;ng l&#250;c, &#273;&#250;ng lo&#7841;i, &#273;&#250;ng s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng) v&#224; <strong>Jidoka</strong> (t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng h&#243;a th&#244;ng minh). M&#7909;c ti&#234;u (nh&#432; m&#225;i nh&#224;) c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&#224; t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng: cung c&#7845;p ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cao nh&#7845;t cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng v&#7899;i chi ph&#237; th&#7845;p nh&#7845;t trong th&#7901;i gian ng&#7855;n nh&#7845;t. Tr&#225;i tim c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&#224; s&#7921; tham gia: c&#225;c th&#224;nh vi&#234;n trong &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; linh ho&#7841;t v&#224; c&#243; &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c li&#234;n t&#7909;c t&#236;m ki&#7871;m nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch l&#224;m t&#7889;t h&#417;n.</p><p>Trong TPS m&#7895;i ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7873;u c&#243; s&#7921; li&#234;n k&#7871;t v&#7899;i nhau v&#224; c&#249;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh theo m&#7909;c ti&#234;u chung. Ng&#224;y nay, kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#243; nh&#7919;ng k&#7923; v&#7885;ng l&#7899;n h&#417;n, n&#234;n c&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; an to&#224;n, m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; tinh th&#7847;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#234;m v&#224;o m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7889;t l&#245;i - ph&#7843;n &#225;nh nhu c&#7847;u hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i v&#7873; tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m x&#227; h&#7897;i v&#224; s&#7921; h&#224;i l&#242;ng c&#7911;a nh&#226;n vi&#234;n. Do v&#7853;y, &#273;&#226;u &#273;&#243; ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; b&#7855;t g&#7863;p c&#7909;m t&#7915; vi&#7871;t t&#7855;t PQCDSME:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Productivity</strong> (N&#259;ng su&#7845;t)</p></li><li><p><strong>Quality</strong> (Ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng)</p></li><li><p><strong>Cost</strong> (Chi ph&#237;)</p></li><li><p><strong>Delivery time</strong> (Th&#7901;i gian giao h&#224;ng)</p></li><li><p><strong>Safety </strong> (An to&#224;n)</p></li><li><p><strong>Morale</strong> (Tinh th&#7847;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c)</p></li><li><p><strong>Environment </strong>(B&#7843;o v&#7879; m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng)</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png" width="1456" height="1048" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1048,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:319243,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6wG8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa27f15eb-4980-4092-a746-c868a598fe12_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#7842;nh tr&#234;n m&#244; t&#7843; c&#7909; th&#7875; h&#417;n c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; &#225;p d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; x&#226;y d&#7921;ng n&#234;n h&#7879; th&#7889;ng. Tuy nhi&#234;n TPS kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; v&#224; k&#7929; thu&#7853;t, m&#224; c&#242;n l&#224; m&#7897;t tri&#7871;t l&#253; qu&#7843;n l&#253; v&#224; v&#259;n h&#243;a t&#7893; ch&#7913;c. N&#243; khuy&#7871;n kh&#237;ch s&#7921; tham gia c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&#225;c th&#224;nh vi&#234;n trong t&#7893; ch&#7913;c v&#224;o vi&#7879;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n li&#234;n t&#7909;c v&#224; t&#236;m ki&#7871;m nh&#7919;ng c&#225;ch l&#224;m vi&#7879;c t&#7889;t h&#417;n. Vi&#7879;c duy tr&#236; v&#224; c&#7911;ng c&#7889; c&#225;c kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m c&#7889;t l&#245;i c&#7911;a TPS l&#224; ch&#236;a kh&#243;a &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n b&#7873;n v&#7919;ng v&#224; t&#7841;o ra gi&#225; tr&#7883; l&#226;u d&#224;i cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng.</p><p>C&#225;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; ch&#237;nh c&#243; th&#7875; li&#7879;t k&#234; &#273;&#7871;n bao g&#7891;m:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Jidoka (T&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng h&#243;a th&#244;ng minh):</strong> M&#225;y m&#243;c t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng d&#7915;ng khi ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n l&#7895;i, ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t l&#7895;i. Ngu&#7891;n c&#7843;m h&#7913;ng t&#7915; m&#225;y d&#7879;t t&#7921; &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a Sakichi Toyoda.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Just-in-Time (JIT):</strong> S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#224; cung c&#7845;p &#273;&#250;ng s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m, s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng, th&#7901;i &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t, gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u t&#7891;n kho.</p></li><li><p><strong>Kanban (Th&#7867; Kanban):</strong> C&#244;ng c&#7909; qu&#7843;n l&#253; tr&#7921;c quan, &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n, truy&#7873;n t&#7843;i th&#244;ng tin s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, v&#7853;n chuy&#7875;n, &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o quy tr&#236;nh JIT.</p></li><li><p><strong>Heijunka (C&#226;n b&#7857;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t):</strong> C&#226;n b&#7857;ng v&#7873; lo&#7841;i s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m v&#224; l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, nh&#7857;m &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh qu&#225; tr&#236;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t theo s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a y&#234;u c&#7847;u kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng.</p></li><li><p><strong>Kaizen (C&#7843;i ti&#7871;n li&#234;n t&#7909;c):</strong> Lu&#244;n t&#236;m ki&#7871;m v&#224; &#225;p d&#7909;ng c&#225;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n nh&#7887;, li&#234;n t&#7909;c &#273;&#7875; n&#226;ng cao hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;.</p><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>T&#7841;m k&#7871;t</strong></p><p>Nh&#236;n chung, H&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t Toyota cung c&#7845;p m&#7897;t m&#244; h&#236;nh m&#7841;nh m&#7869; cho vi&#7879;c &#225;p d&#7909;ng Lean hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; trong s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. Tuy nhi&#234;n &#273;&#7875; &#225;p d&#7909;ng hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; v&#7899;i c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p kh&#225;c c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i hi&#7875;u r&#245; hi&#7879;n tr&#7841;ng c&#7911;a doanh nghi&#7879;p, tinh th&#7847;n v&#224; tri&#7871;t l&#253; c&#7911;a Lean, &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng linh ho&#7841;t c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909;. Ch&#250;ng ta s&#7869; t&#236;m hi&#7875;u k&#7929; h&#417;n c&#225;c kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m v&#224; c&#244;ng c&#7909; nh&#432; gi&#225; tr&#7883;, l&#227;ng ph&#237;, h&#7879; th&#7889;ng k&#233;o, 5S, qu&#7843;n l&#253; tr&#7921;c quan,&#8230;&#273;&#7873;u xoay quanh tinh th&#7847;n v&#224; tri&#7871;t l&#253; Lean n&#224;y.</p></li></ol><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://leannext.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading LeanNext! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Lịch sử phát triển của Lean Manufacturing - Tinh gọn trong sản xuất]]></title><description><![CDATA[Nh&#236;n l&#7841;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&#361;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch h&#7885;c t&#7853;p v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n. Lean kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; m&#7897;t l&#253; thuy&#7871;t tr&#7915;u t&#432;&#7907;ng m&#224; s&#7921; h&#236;nh th&#224;nh ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a n&#243; xu&#7845;t ph&#225;t t&#7915; th&#7921;c ti&#7877;n.]]></description><link>https://leannext.substack.com/p/lich-su-phat-trien-cua-lean-manufacturing</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://leannext.substack.com/p/lich-su-phat-trien-cua-lean-manufacturing</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[LeanNext]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2024 08:35:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>1. Ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n v&#7899;i Lean</strong></p><p>S&#7921; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a Lean Manufacturing kh&#244;ng th&#7875; t&#225;ch r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i l&#7883;ch s&#7917; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a qu&#7843;n l&#253; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. Ngay t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng ng&#224;y &#273;&#7847;u, khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7851;n c&#242;n ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&#224;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng, nhu c&#7847;u t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a quy tr&#236;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;&#227; lu&#244;n hi&#7879;n di&#7879;n. C&#225;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n, d&#249; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n hay ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p, lu&#244;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#225;p d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7875; t&#259;ng n&#259;ng su&#7845;t, gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u l&#227;ng ph&#237; v&#224; n&#226;ng cao ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m. T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&#7895; l&#7921;c nh&#7887; l&#7867; ban &#273;&#7847;u, kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m v&#7873; qu&#7843;n l&#253; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u h&#236;nh th&#224;nh v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n qua nhi&#7873;u th&#7871; k&#7927;, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; ra &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p qu&#7843;n l&#253; hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i h&#417;n.</p><p>Lean, v&#7899;i m&#7909;c ti&#234;u c&#7889;t l&#245;i l&#224; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; l&#227;ng ph&#237; v&#224; t&#7841;o ra gi&#225; tr&#7883; t&#7889;i &#273;a cho kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng, d&#7847;n d&#7847;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m kh&#244;ng th&#7875; thi&#7871;u trong s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. B&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n nh&#7887; trong t&#7915;ng kh&#226;u s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t, Lean &#273;&#227; d&#7847;n tr&#7903; th&#224;nh m&#7897;t tri&#7871;t l&#253; to&#224;n di&#7879;n, &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&#226;u r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;ch m&#224; c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p v&#7853;n h&#224;nh v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n. Vi&#7879;c h&#236;nh th&#224;nh v&#224; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a Lean l&#224; m&#7897;t qu&#225; tr&#236;nh li&#234;n t&#7909;c c&#7911;a s&#7921; h&#7885;c h&#7887;i, th&#237;ch &#7913;ng v&#224; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n, t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng s&#417; khai nh&#7845;t c&#7911;a s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng &#273;&#7871;n nh&#7919;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng qu&#7843;n l&#253; tinh g&#7885;n hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ng&#224;y nay.</p><p><strong>2. S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng</strong>: Nh&#7919;ng s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m th&#7911; c&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t mua theo &#253; mu&#7889;n c&#7911;a kh&#225;ch hang, th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7903;i m&#7897;t ho&#7863;c m&#7897;t nh&#243;m th&#7907; k&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i nhau. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ho&#224;i c&#7893; th&#432;&#7901;ng coi th&#7901;i k&#7923; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng l&#224; m&#7897;t k&#7927; nguy&#234;n v&#224;ng khi k&#7929; n&#259;ng th&#7911; c&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#225;nh gi&#225; cao v&#224; kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7909;c v&#7909; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch t&#7853;n t&#226;m. Tuy nhi&#234;n, s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng c&#361;ng mang &#273;&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u h&#7841;n ch&#7871; l&#7899;n.</p><ul><li><p>Ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i gi&#224;u c&#243; m&#7899;i c&#243; th&#7875; mua &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m, do gi&#225; th&#224;nh r&#7845;t cao.</p></li><li><p>Ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m kh&#244;ng &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7873;u, m&#7895;i chi&#7871;c xe v&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n l&#224; m&#7897;t nguy&#234;n m&#7851;u, kh&#244;ng c&#243; s&#7921; &#273;&#7891;ng nh&#7845;t gi&#7919;a c&#225;c s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m.</p></li><li><p>C&#225;c ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&#244;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n r&#7897;ng r&#227;i, v&#224; &#273;&#244;i khi c&#242;n b&#7883; coi l&#224; m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng gi&#225; tr&#7883; truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a ngh&#7873;.</p></li></ul><p>Nh&#7919;ng nh&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o ra nhu c&#7847;u t&#236;m ki&#7871;m c&#225;c ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t m&#7899;i, hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n.</p><p><strong>3. Eli Whitney v&#224; vi&#7879;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#243; th&#7875; ho&#225;n &#273;&#7893;i cho nhau</strong>: N&#259;m 1799, Eli Whitney, ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#225;t minh c&#7911;a Cotton Gin, nh&#7853;n h&#7907;p &#273;&#7891;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t 10.000 s&#250;ng h&#7887;a mai cho Qu&#226;n &#273;&#7897;i Hoa K&#7923; v&#7899;i chi ph&#237; th&#7845;p l&#224; 13,40 &#273;&#244; la m&#7895;i chi&#7871;c. L&#250;c &#273;&#243;, c&#225;c chi ti&#7871;t b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a s&#250;ng h&#7887;a mai th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t b&#7903;i c&#225;c th&#7907; r&#232;n th&#7911; c&#244;ng. M&#7895;i th&#7907; r&#232;n s&#7869; c&#243; c&#225;ch s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ri&#234;ng, d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n c&#225;c chi ti&#7871;t c&#243; k&#237;ch th&#432;&#7899;c v&#224; h&#236;nh d&#7841;ng kh&#225;c nhau. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y khi&#7871;n cho vi&#7879;c l&#7855;p r&#225;p s&#250;ng h&#7887;a mai tr&#7903; n&#234;n kh&#243; kh&#259;n v&#224; t&#7889;n th&#7901;i gian, chi ph&#237; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t cao v&#224; kh&#243; kh&#259;n trong c&#244;ng t&#225;c b&#7843;o tr&#236;, b&#7843;o d&#432;&#7905;ng. Eli Whitney &#273;&#227; ho&#224;n thi&#7879;n quy tr&#236;nh thi&#7871;t k&#7871; &#273;&#7875; c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#243; th&#7875; thay th&#7871; cho nhau gi&#7919;a c&#225;c s&#250;ng h&#7887;a mai, cho ph&#233;p qu&#225; tr&#236;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#226;n chia v&#224; ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n h&#243;a.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg" width="710" height="532.5" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:710,&quot;bytes&quot;:323793,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pMLa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff3fdddda-5fc3-454d-9dfd-c4005aec4f99_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Eli Whitney v&#224; ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#243; th&#7875; thay th&#7871; l&#7851;n nhau</p><p>Theo ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p n&#224;y, c&#225;c chi ti&#7871;t b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#7911;a s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t b&#7903;i c&#225;c th&#7907; chuy&#234;n tr&#225;ch kh&#225;c nhau. C&#7909; th&#7875;, trong tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t s&#250;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng, c&#225;c chi ti&#7871;t b&#7897; ph&#7853;n nh&#432; n&#242;ng s&#250;ng, kh&#243;a n&#242;ng, tay c&#7847;m,&#8230; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia ra theo t&#7915;ng nh&#243;m th&#7907;, l&#224;m theo c&#225;c th&#244;ng s&#7889; &#273;&#227; th&#7889;ng nh&#7845;t. Nh&#7901; &#273;&#243;, vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t s&#250;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n nhanh ch&#243;ng v&#224; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; h&#236;nh h&#224;i &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n c&#7911;a chuy&#234;n m&#244;n h&#243;a</p><p><strong>4. Fred Winslow Taylor v&#224; ng&#224;nh k&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p</strong>: Fred Winslow Taylor, m&#7897;t qu&#7843;n l&#253; x&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#250;c t&#7915; Philadelphia, l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7863;t n&#7873;n m&#243;ng cho s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch &#225;p d&#7909;ng c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c khoa h&#7885;c v&#224;o quy tr&#236;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. T&#225;c ph&#7849;m n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng c&#7911;a &#244;ng, <em>Qu&#7843;n l&#253; Khoa h&#7885;c (Scientific Management)</em>, v&#7851;n l&#224; m&#7897;t t&#225;c ph&#7849;m kinh &#273;i&#7875;n trong l&#297;nh v&#7921;c qu&#7843;n l&#253;. Trong khi h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng ch&#7911; y&#7871;u d&#7921;a tr&#234;n kinh nghi&#7879;m c&#7911;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7907;, Taylor &#273;&#227; t&#236;m c&#225;ch x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh "c&#225;ch t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t" &#273;&#7875; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c d&#7921;a tr&#234;n c&#225;c nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c khoa h&#7885;c, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; khai sinh ra ng&#224;nh k&#7929; thu&#7853;t c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p.</p><p>H&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Taylor t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o vi&#7879;c t&#225;ch bi&#7879;t kh&#226;u l&#7853;p k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch kh&#7887;i kh&#226;u s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. C&#225;c k&#7929; s&#432; c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p s&#7869; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&#225;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t nh&#432; nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u th&#7901;i gian v&#224; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7875; x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh "c&#225;ch t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t" th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c, t&#7915; &#273;&#243; giao cho c&#244;ng nh&#226;n nh&#7919;ng nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; ng&#7855;n g&#7885;n v&#224; l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;&#243;ng g&#243;p quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a Taylor bao g&#7891;m:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n h&#243;a c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c:</strong> X&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh c&#225;ch l&#224;m vi&#7879;c t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t v&#224; d&#7877; nh&#7845;t.</p></li><li><p><strong>Gi&#7843;m th&#7901;i gian chu k&#7923; (circle-time):</strong> T&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a th&#7901;i gian c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; ho&#224;n th&#224;nh m&#7897;t quy tr&#236;nh nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh.</p></li><li><p><strong>Nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u th&#7901;i gian v&#224; chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7897;ng:</strong> C&#244;ng c&#7909; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n h&#243;a.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#272;o l&#432;&#7901;ng v&#224; ph&#226;n t&#237;ch:</strong> Ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p li&#234;n t&#7909;c c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n quy tr&#236;nh, ti&#7873;n th&#226;n c&#7911;a chu tr&#236;nh PDCA (L&#7853;p k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch - Th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n - Ki&#7875;m tra - H&#224;nh &#273;&#7897;ng).</p></li></ul><p>Taylor tin r&#7857;ng l&#7921;c l&#432;&#7907;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng thi&#7871;u kh&#7843; n&#259;ng l&#7853;p k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c m&#7897;t c&#225;ch hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;, quan &#273;i&#7875;m n&#224;y c&#7911;a Taylor &#273;&#244;i khi b&#7883; xem l&#224; ti&#234;u c&#7921;c, g&#7855;n li&#7873;n v&#7899;i c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c &#273;&#417;n &#273;i&#7879;u v&#224; phi nh&#226;n t&#237;nh h&#243;a. Tuy nhi&#234;n &#273;&#243; kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i l&#224; &#253; &#273;&#7883;nh ban &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a &#244;ng, &#7903; nh&#7919;ng giai &#273;o&#7841;n sau v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#250; &#253; v&#224; c&#7843;i thi&#7879;n r&#245; r&#7879;t trong tri&#7871;t l&#253; c&#7911;a Lean Manufacturing.</p><p><strong>5. Henry Ford v&#224; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t</strong></p><p><strong>N&#259;m 1913</strong>, Ford gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n l&#7855;p r&#225;p di &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n t&#7841;i nh&#224; m&#225;y Highland Park c&#7911;a m&#236;nh &#7903; Michigan. &#272;&#226;y l&#224; m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7863;t l&#7899;n trong s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p. &#212;ng gi&#7843;m &#273;&#7897; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p c&#7911;a c&#225;c b&#432;&#7899;c, ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n h&#243;a c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c, v&#224; t&#7841;o ra c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#243; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng thay th&#7871; cao v&#224; d&#7877; l&#7855;p r&#225;p. Ford &#273;&#227; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; s&#7921; kh&#233;o l&#233;o, &#273;&#432;a v&#224;o kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i. M&#7895;i c&#244;ng nh&#226;n ch&#7881; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t nhi&#7879;m v&#7909; c&#7909; th&#7875;, l&#7863;p &#273;i l&#7863;p l&#7841;i, khi chi&#7871;c xe di chuy&#7875;n qua c&#225;c tr&#7841;m kh&#225;c nhau tr&#234;n d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u th&#7901;i gian c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t &#273;&#7875; l&#7855;p r&#225;p m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe t&#7915; h&#417;n 12 gi&#7901; xu&#7889;ng ch&#7881; c&#242;n kho&#7843;ng 90 ph&#250;t.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg" width="640" height="399" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:399,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:95818,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZdA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F764bfc32-374a-4886-b37d-944e54813b24_640x399.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Xe Model T</strong>, ra m&#7855;t n&#259;m 1908, l&#224; chi&#7871;c xe &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7907;i nhi&#7873;u nh&#7845;t t&#7915; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#224;y. N&#243; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&#7871;t k&#7871; &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t, v&#7899;i c&#225;c b&#7897; ph&#7853;n c&#243; th&#7875; ho&#225;n &#273;&#7893;i d&#7877; d&#224;ng, gi&#250;p vi&#7879;c s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a v&#224; b&#7843;o d&#432;&#7905;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n.<strong> </strong>Nh&#7901; v&#224;o hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; c&#7911;a d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n l&#7855;p r&#225;p, gi&#225; c&#7911;a Model T gi&#7843;m d&#7847;n qua c&#225;c n&#259;m, t&#7915; kho&#7843;ng $850 v&#224;o n&#259;m 1908 xu&#7889;ng c&#242;n kho&#7843;ng $260 v&#224;o nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1920, l&#224;m cho xe h&#417;i tr&#7903; n&#234;n ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n.</p><p><strong>H&#7841;n ch&#7871;</strong> c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng Ford l&#224; thi&#7871;u linh ho&#7841;t trong vi&#7879;c thay &#273;&#7893;i m&#7851;u m&#227; hay s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m. Ford t&#7915;ng n&#243;i kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#243; th&#7875; c&#243; b&#7845;t k&#7923; m&#224;u xe n&#224;o h&#7885; mu&#7889;n, mi&#7877;n l&#224; n&#243; m&#224;u &#273;en, ph&#7843;n &#225;nh s&#7921; h&#7841;n ch&#7871; n&#224;y. C&#244;ng vi&#7879;c tr&#234;n d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n l&#7855;p r&#225;p b&#7883; ch&#7881; tr&#237;ch l&#224; &#273;&#417;n &#273;i&#7879;u v&#224; l&#224;m m&#7845;t &#273;i t&#237;nh s&#225;ng t&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng. M&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c kh&#244;ng khuy&#7871;n kh&#237;ch tinh th&#7847;n &#273;&#7891;ng &#273;&#7897;i v&#224; th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224;m m&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c l&#224;m vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng.</p><p><strong>6. Taiichi Ohno v&#224; H&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n c&#7911;a Toyota:</strong> Sau Th&#7871; chi&#7871;n th&#7913; hai, Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n r&#417;i v&#224;o t&#236;nh tr&#7841;ng kinh t&#7871; b&#7845;p b&#234;nh. "Th&#233;p v&#224; c&#225;c kim lo&#7841;i kh&#225;c khan hi&#7871;m." Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n v&#7889;n &#273;&#227; g&#7863;p b&#7845;t l&#7907;i do thi&#7871;u t&#224;i nguy&#234;n thi&#234;n nhi&#234;n, n&#234;n vi&#7879;c t&#236;m ki&#7871;m nguy&#234;n li&#7879;u c&#224;ng tr&#7903; n&#234;n kh&#243; kh&#259;n v&#224; c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty ph&#7843;i s&#225;ng t&#7841;o &#273;&#7875; c&#7841;nh tranh. Ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#225;ng l&#7853;p Toyota, Sakichi Toyoda, &#273;&#227; kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i m&#7897;t doanh nghi&#7879;p d&#7879;t, nh&#432;ng ch&#237;nh con trai &#244;ng, Kiichiro, m&#7899;i l&#224; ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#224;nh l&#7853;p c&#244;ng ty &#244; t&#244; v&#224;o n&#259;m 1937.</p><p>H&#7879; th&#7889;ng S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a Toyota &#273;&#227; c&#243; m&#7897;t b&#432;&#7899;c ngo&#7863;t quan tr&#7885;ng v&#224;o &#273;&#7847;u nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1950, khi Eiji, anh em h&#7885; c&#7911;a Kiichiro, c&#249;ng v&#7899;i Taiichi Ohno, m&#7897;t th&#7907; m&#225;y d&#7879;t k&#7923; c&#7921;u, &#273;&#7871;n th&#259;m Hoa K&#7923;. H&#7885; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7871;n nh&#224; m&#225;y River Rouge c&#7911;a Ford &#7903; Michigan v&#224; r&#7845;t &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng v&#7899;i quy m&#244; l&#7899;n c&#7911;a nh&#224; m&#225;y. Tuy nhi&#234;n, h&#7885; nh&#7853;n ra r&#7857;ng c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty &#7903; Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n kh&#244;ng c&#243; &#273;&#7911; ngu&#7891;n l&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; &#225;p d&#7909;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&#224;y, v&#236; vi&#7879;c gi&#7919; h&#224;ng t&#7891;n kho trong nhi&#7873;u th&#225;ng s&#7869; l&#224;m m&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u v&#7889;n qu&#253; b&#225;u m&#224; h&#7885; kh&#244;ng c&#243;.</p><p>&#272;i&#7873;u th&#7921;c s&#7921; l&#224;m Ohno &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng l&#224; khi &#244;ng gh&#233; th&#259;m si&#234;u th&#7883; t&#7921; ch&#7885;n Piggly Wiggly, m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i si&#234;u th&#7883; m&#224; Nh&#7853;t B&#7843;n l&#250;c &#273;&#243; ch&#432;a c&#243;. &#212;ng quan s&#225;t th&#7845;y c&#225;ch kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng c&#243; th&#7875; ch&#7885;n &#273;&#250;ng th&#7913; h&#7885; c&#7847;n, &#273;&#250;ng l&#250;c h&#7885; c&#7847;n. T&#7915; &#273;&#243;, Ohno n&#7843;y ra &#253; t&#432;&#7903;ng m&#244; ph&#7887;ng d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a m&#236;nh d&#7921;a tr&#234;n nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c n&#224;y. V&#7899;i "c&#244;ng th&#7913;c si&#234;u th&#7883;", ch&#7881; c&#243; &#273;&#7911; linh ki&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t trong m&#7895;i giai &#273;o&#7841;n &#273;&#7875; thay th&#7871; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7917; d&#7909;ng trong giai &#273;o&#7841;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243;, v&#224; c&#7913; th&#7871; ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n. &#272;&#226;y ch&#237;nh l&#224; l&#250;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng "Just In Time" th&#7921;c s&#7921; h&#236;nh th&#224;nh.</p><p>Toyota &#273;&#227; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u l&#227;ng ph&#237; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Ford b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#225;c linh ki&#7879;n nh&#7887; h&#417;n ch&#7881; khi n&#224;o c&#7847;n, gi&#250;p c&#244;ng ty v&#7853;n h&#224;nh v&#7899;i m&#7897;t ng&#226;n s&#225;ch ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m h&#417;n. C&#249;ng v&#7899;i &#273;&#243;, Ohno &#273;&#227; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&#225;p "Kanban", m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng l&#7853;p k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch d&#7921;a tr&#234;n c&#225;c t&#237;n hi&#7879;u. Ng&#224;y nay, Kanban &#273;&#432;&#7907;c xem nh&#432; l&#224; ti&#7873;n th&#226;n c&#7911;a m&#227; v&#7841;ch.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg" width="1024" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:300043,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!15b9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02c5e6c0-ebef-4664-9c2c-91595f4ea015_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ohno v&#224; Toyoda c&#361;ng nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng c&#225;c c&#244;ng ty &#244; t&#244; M&#7929; v&#7851;n duy tr&#236; nhi&#7873;u k&#7929; thu&#7853;t s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t t&#7915; th&#7901;i Henry Ford - h&#7885; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#7871;t c&#244;ng su&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; t&#7853;n d&#7909;ng t&#7889;i &#273;a hi&#7879;u qu&#7843;, sau &#273;&#243; s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c xe b&#7883; l&#7895;i sau khi ch&#250;ng r&#7901;i kh&#7887;i d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n. Ohno cho r&#7857;ng c&#225;ch l&#224;m n&#224;y g&#226;y ra nhi&#7873;u v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; h&#417;n v&#224; kh&#244;ng khuy&#7871;n kh&#237;ch c&#244;ng nh&#226;n ho&#7863;c m&#225;y m&#243;c ng&#7915;ng l&#7841;i khi g&#7863;p s&#7921; c&#7889;. V&#236; v&#7853;y, &#244;ng &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7863;t m&#7897;t s&#7907;i d&#226;y ph&#237;a tr&#234;n m&#7895;i tr&#7841;m l&#224;m vi&#7879;c, &#273;&#7875; b&#7845;t k&#7923; c&#244;ng nh&#226;n n&#224;o c&#361;ng c&#243; th&#7875; k&#233;o v&#224; d&#7915;ng to&#224;n b&#7897; d&#226;y chuy&#7873;n n&#7871;u h&#7885; ph&#225;t hi&#7879;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;. Sau &#273;&#243;, to&#224;n b&#7897; nh&#243;m s&#7869; c&#249;ng nhau l&#224;m vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7875; ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n l&#7895;i t&#225;i di&#7877;n. Nh&#7901; v&#224;o vi&#7879;c nh&#7853;n di&#7879;n c&#225;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; nhanh ch&#243;ng, s&#7889; l&#7895;i &#273;&#227; gi&#7843;m &#273;&#225;ng k&#7875;. </p><p>H&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t n&#224;y ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u v&#224;o k&#7927; lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&#7843;n l&#253;, c&#361;ng nh&#432; ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7853;n h&#224;nh. T&#226;m l&#253; l&#224;m l&#7841;i &#273;&#227; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thay th&#7871; b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c theo &#273;u&#7893;i ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7853;n h&#224;nh t&#7921; h&#224;o v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; h&#7885; &#273;ang l&#224;m, &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; cho n&#417;i l&#224;m vi&#7879;c c&#7911;a h&#7885; ng&#259;n n&#7855;p, duy tr&#236; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng. M&#7895;i l&#7895;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&#7917; l&#253; c&#7849;n th&#7853;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7853;n h&#224;nh c&#243; tr&#225;ch nhi&#7879;m gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;, &#273;&#7875; t&#236;m ra ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c r&#7877; c&#7911;a v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t m&#244;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&#224;m vi&#7879;c t&#237;ch c&#7921;c, s&#225;ng t&#7841;o, n&#417;i m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i c&#243; th&#7875; h&#7895; tr&#7907; v&#224; h&#7885;c h&#7887;i l&#7851;n nhau.&nbsp;</p><p>K&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i v&#259;n h&#243;a c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n li&#234;n t&#7909;c - g&#7885;i l&#224; "kaizen" - H&#7879; th&#7889;ng S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t c&#7911;a Toyota &#273;&#227; t&#7841;o n&#234;n th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7879;u n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng v&#7873; vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c xe &#273;&#225;ng tin c&#7853;y v&#224; gi&#225; c&#7843; ph&#7843;i ch&#259;ng. Kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; th&#7871;, Toyota c&#242;n ng&#224;y c&#224;ng gi&#7887;i trong vi&#7879;c s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t xe m&#7897;t c&#225;ch nhanh ch&#243;ng. N&#259;m 1962, c&#244;ng ty &#273;&#227; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t tri&#7879;u xe. &#272;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1972, con s&#7889; n&#224;y &#273;&#227; t&#259;ng l&#234;n m&#432;&#7901;i tri&#7879;u chi&#7871;c. Nh&#7901; hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i, Toyota ch&#7881; m&#7845;t 1,6 gi&#7901; c&#244;ng lao &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ra m&#7897;t chi&#7871;c xe, th&#7845;p h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i c&#225;c &#273;&#7889;i th&#7911; t&#7841;i Hoa K&#7923;, Th&#7909;y &#272;i&#7875;n v&#224; &#272;&#7913;c. Khi kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng d&#7847;u m&#7887; x&#7843;y ra trong th&#7853;p ni&#234;n &#273;&#243; khi&#7871;n gi&#225; x&#259;ng t&#259;ng cao, nh&#7919;ng chi&#7871;c xe Nh&#7853;t ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m nhi&#234;n li&#7879;u tr&#7903; n&#234;n c&#7921;c k&#7923; h&#7845;p d&#7851;n v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i M&#7929;, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i v&#7889;n quen s&#7917; d&#7909;ng xe m&#7841;nh m&#7869; nh&#432;ng ti&#234;u t&#7889;n nhi&#7873;u nhi&#234;n li&#7879;u.</p><p>N&#259;m 1988, John Krafcik xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n b&#224;i b&#225;o "Chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng c&#7911;a H&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t Lean", l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng t&#7915; Lean k&#7871;t h&#7907;p v&#7899;i H&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t Toyota.</p><p><strong>7. N&#259;m 1990 &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 1996, thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; "Lean manufacturing&#8221; &#273;&#227; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n l&#7847;n &#273;&#7847;u ti&#234;n</strong> trong cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch &#8220;C&#7895; m&#225;y thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7843; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i (The Machine that Changed the World," c&#7911;a Jim Womack, Daniel Roos v&#224; Dan Jones xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n 1990. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#243; n&#259;m 1988, Ti&#7871;n s&#297; Jim P. Womack v&#224; m&#7897;t nh&#243;m c&#225;c nh&#224; nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u l&#224;m vi&#7879;c t&#7841;i Vi&#7879;n C&#244;ng ngh&#7879; Massachusetts (MIT) &#273;&#227; t&#236;nh c&#7901; quan s&#225;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&#7897;c &#273;&#225;o trong l&#250;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&#7873; ng&#224;nh c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p &#244; t&#244; qu&#7889;c t&#7871;. Nh&#7919;ng &#273;i&#7873;u h&#7885; th&#7845;y n&#224;y khi&#7871;n cho &#273;o&#224;n nghi&#234;n c&#7913;u v&#244; c&#249;ng th&#237;ch th&#250;, nh&#432;ng c&#361;ng v&#244; c&#249;ng v&#7845;t v&#7843; &#273;&#7875; t&#236;m ki&#7871;m m&#7897;t thu&#7853;t ng&#7919; &#273;&#7875; m&#244; t&#7843; cho nh&#7919;ng g&#236; h&#7885; th&#7845;y t&#7841;i c&#244;ng ty n&#224;y. V&#224; Lean &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#249;ng &#273;&#7875; l&#224;m n&#7893;i b&#7853;t kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m v&#7873; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; so v&#7899;i kh&#225;i ni&#7879;m s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t (mass production).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg" width="250" height="375" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:250,&quot;bytes&quot;:228296,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L_d6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa150b387-9dc7-4b07-9275-92707a7c4a58_600x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Womack v&#224; Jones ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n cu&#7889;n s&#225;ch Lean Thinking (xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n 1996) m&#244; t&#7843; 5 nguy&#234;n t&#7855;c c&#7911;a Lean v&#224; gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u ch&#250;ng r&#7897;ng r&#227;i h&#417;n v&#7899;i th&#7871; gi&#7899;i.</p><p>Nh&#432; v&#7853;y, &#273;&#7875; t&#243;m l&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t c&#225;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n nh&#7845;t, h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t Lean &#273;&#227; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t c&#225;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t th&#7911; c&#244;ng</p><ul><li><p><strong>Chi ph&#237; cao v&#224; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n h&#7841;n ch&#7871;: </strong>S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch h&#7907;p l&#253; h&#243;a quy tr&#236;nh, gi&#7843;m l&#227;ng ph&#237; v&#224; cho ph&#233;p s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;u qu&#7843; h&#417;n v&#7899;i kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng linh ho&#7841;t h&#417;n</p></li><li><p><strong>S&#7921; kh&#244;ng nh&#7845;t qu&#225;n v&#7873; ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng: </strong>S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p c&#225;c ti&#234;u chu&#7849;n c&#244;ng vi&#7879;c, th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n ki&#7875;m so&#225;t ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng t&#7841;i ngu&#7891;n v&#224; trao quy&#7873;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng x&#225;c &#273;&#7883;nh v&#224; kh&#7855;c ph&#7909;c c&#225;c l&#7895;i</p></li></ul><p>v&#224; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#224;ng lo&#7841;t th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7847;u: </p><ul><li><p><strong>L&#227;ng ph&#237;:</strong> S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#7853;p trung v&#224;o s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t ch&#7881; nh&#7919;ng g&#236; c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t, khi c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t (Just-in-Time - JIT) v&#224; b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch li&#234;n t&#7909;c c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n quy tr&#236;nh &#273;&#7875; lo&#7841;i b&#7887; l&#227;ng ph&#237;.</p></li><li><p><strong>Thi&#7871;u linh ho&#7841;t:</strong> S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch t&#7841;o ra c&#225;c quy tr&#236;nh linh ho&#7841;t h&#417;n, c&#243; th&#7875; d&#7877; d&#224;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh &#273;&#7875; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i s&#7843;n ph&#7849;m v&#7899;i kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng kh&#225;c nhau.</p></li><li><p><strong>S&#7921; xa c&#225;ch c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng: </strong>S&#7843;n xu&#7845;t tinh g&#7885;n gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&#224;y b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch trao quy&#7873;n cho ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng tham gia v&#224;o vi&#7879;c gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#224; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n quy tr&#236;nh, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i b&#7857;ng c&#225;ch th&#250;c &#273;&#7849;y tinh th&#7847;n l&#224;m vi&#7879;c theo nh&#243;m v&#224; c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n li&#234;n t&#7909;c (kaizen)</p><p></p></li></ul><p><strong>8. T&#7915; nh&#7919;ng n&#259;m 1990 tr&#7903; &#273;i, Lean kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n trong ng&#224;nh &#244; t&#244;</strong> m&#224; &#273;&#227; lan r&#7897;ng ra nhi&#7873;u ng&#224;nh c&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p kh&#225;c nhau, t&#7915; d&#7883;ch v&#7909;, y t&#7871; cho &#273;&#7871;n ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m v&#7899;i Agile v&#224; DevOps. M&#7897;t s&#7889; c&#244;ng ty ti&#234;u bi&#7875;u &#273;ang c&#243; nh&#7919;ng b&#432;&#7899;c ti&#7871;n l&#7899;n trong h&#224;nh tr&#236;nh Lean c&#7911;a h&#7885; bao g&#7891;m: Panasonic, Siemens, Nike v&#224; nhi&#7873;u c&#244;ng ty kh&#225;c. &#272;i&#7873;u l&#224;m cho Lean th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t, l&#224; t&#237;nh linh ho&#7841;t c&#7911;a n&#243;; n&#243; kh&#244;ng ch&#7881; &#225;p d&#7909;ng trong c&#225;c t&#7853;p &#273;o&#224;n l&#7899;n, m&#224; c&#242;n ho&#224;n to&#224;n th&#237;ch h&#7907;p trong doanh nghi&#7879;p nh&#7887;, c&#225;c start-up, v&#224; th&#7853;m ch&#237; l&#224; c&#225;c doanh nghi&#7879;p gia &#273;&#236;nh nh&#432; m&#7897;t tr&#7841;m r&#7917;a xe &#244; t&#244; nh&#7887;, ho&#7863;c m&#7897;t c&#7917;a h&#224;ng t&#7841;p h&#243;a.&nbsp;</p><p>Trong th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i c&#7911;a C&#225;ch m&#7841;ng C&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p l&#7847;n th&#7913; 4, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t t&#234;n l&#224; C&#244;ng nghi&#7879;p 4.0, s&#7921; t&#237;ch h&#7907;p gi&#7919;a Lean v&#224; c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; &#273;&#227; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; m&#7899;i. Lean ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c t&#237;ch h&#7907;p c&#225;c c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; m&#7899;i nh&#432; IoT, AI, v&#224; Big Data &#273;&#7875; d&#7921; &#273;o&#225;n v&#224; t&#7889;i &#432;u h&#243;a quy tr&#236;nh s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t h&#417;n n&#7919;a.</p><p>T&#243;m l&#7841;i, Lean kh&#244;ng ph&#7843;i xu&#7845;t ph&#225;t t&#7915; nh&#7919;ng l&#253; thuy&#7871;t tr&#7915;u t&#432;&#7907;ng; n&#243; l&#224; m&#7897;t ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&#7921; c&#7847;n thi&#7871;t. Toyota, &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i h&#7841;n ch&#7871; t&#224;i ch&#237;nh v&#224; y&#234;u c&#7847;u &#273;a d&#7841;ng t&#7915; kh&#225;ch h&#224;ng, &#273;&#227; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i v&#224; t&#236;m c&#225;ch l&#224;m vi&#7879;c th&#244;ng minh h&#417;n. T&#237;nh th&#7921;c t&#7871; n&#224;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n qua l&#7883;ch s&#7917; ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n k&#232;m v&#7899;i qu&#225; tr&#236;nh ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a qu&#7843;n l&#253; s&#7843;n xu&#7845;t. &#272;i&#7873;u n&#224;y s&#7869; s&#7869; khi&#7871;n ch&#250;ng ta &#273;i s&#226;u v&#224;o t&#236;m hi&#7875;u c&#225;c c&#244;ng c&#7909; Lean ho&#7863;c &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng c&#244;ng ngh&#7879; m&#7897;t c&#225;ch d&#7877; d&#224;ng v&#224; h&#7907;p l&#253; h&#417;n.</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>